According to the majority of scholars: yes, under conditions. The main evidence is the hadith of Jabir: "We used to practice 'azl (coitus interruptus) at the time of the Prophet while the Quran was being revealed. Had there been a prohibition, the Quran would have forbidden it to us" (Bukhari and Muslim). Conditions: 1) Mutual agreement between spouses. 2) Reversible methods (not permanent). 3) Not used with the intent to entirely refuse procreation without valid reason.

Reversible methods (majority consensus): 1) 'Azl (coitus interruptus), a prophetic method. 2) Condom (modern equivalent of 'azl). 3) Birth control pill (if no serious health effects). 4) IUD (copper coil, no early-stage abortion, simple inhibition). 5) Natural methods (temperature, calendar). 6) Patch, ring, implant. The criterion: reversibility and absence of harm.

A debated question. Modern majority opinion (European Council for Fatwa, Dar al-Ifta Egypt, IslamQA): yes for the copper IUD, since it acts before fertilization (inhibits sperm), so there is no abortion. The hormonal IUD (Mirena): also permitted according to the majority, since its main action is to block ovulation. Always consult both a scholar and a doctor.

According to the majority of contemporary scholars: forbidden because it is permanent and irreversible. Exceptional cases: 1) Life-threatening risk to the mother in future pregnancies (certified medical opinion). 2) Serious transmissible genetic disease (joint opinion of scholars and doctors). Outside of these cases: reversible methods should be used.

Yes, completely. The Prophet recommended breastfeeding up to 2 years (Quran 2:233), which naturally creates spacing. Spacing pregnancies 2 to 3 years apart is medically recommended (WHO: 24 months minimum), aligned with the objectives of Sharia (preserving the mother's health), and was practiced by the Companions. The number of children is not in itself an act of worship. The quality of their upbringing is.

Permitted by the majority under conditions. Check: 1) No abortive effect (modern pills block ovulation, so it is acceptable). 2) Side effects tolerable for your personal health (medical consultation required). 3) Not used to entirely refuse motherhood without valid reason (except in special cases). If side effects are severe (depression, migraines, cardiovascular issues): change method immediately. Your health comes first.